Howell Cobb

Howell Cobb
	Howell Cobb
	Howell Cobb;
23rd Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
	In office; December 22, 1849 – March 4, 1851
President	Zachary Taylor; Millard Fillmore
Preceded by	Robert C. Winthrop
Succeeded by	Linn Boyd
2nd Speaker of the Provisional Confederate Congress; Also a Provisional Head of State
	In office; February 4, 1861 – February 17, 1862; Head of State until February 18, 1861
Preceded by	Robert W. Barnwell
Succeeded by	Thomas Stanley Bocock (Speaker); Jefferson Davis (Head of State)
Member of U.S. House of Representatives; from Georgia's At-large district
	In office; March 4, 1843 – March 3, 1845
Preceded by	Julius C. Alford, Edward J. Black, Walter T. Colquitt, Thomas F. Foster, Roger L. Gamble, George W. Crawford, Thomas B. King, James A. Meriwether, Mark A. Cooper, Lott Warren (General ticket)
Succeeded by	None; Representatives subsequently elected by district
Member of U.S. House of Representatives; from Georgia's 6th district
	In office; March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1851
Preceded by	None; first elected
Succeeded by	Junius Hillyer
40th Governor of Georgia
	In office; November 5, 1851 – November 9, 1853
Preceded by	George W. Towns
Succeeded by	Herschel V. Johnson
22nd United States Secretary of the Treasury
	In office; March 7, 1857 – December 8, 1860
President	James Buchanan
Preceded by	James Guthrie
Succeeded by	Philip F. Thomas
Born	September 7, 1815; Jefferson County, Georgia
Died	October 9, 1868 (aged 53); New York City, New York
Political party	Democratic
Alma mater	University of Georgia
Profession	Law
	Military service
Service/branch	Confederate States Army
Rank	Major General
Unit	Army of Northern Virginia; District of Georgia and Florida
Battles/wars	American Civil War

For other uses, see Howell Cobb (disambiguation).

(Thomas) Howell Cobb (September 7, 1815 – October 9, 1868) was an American political figure. A Southern Democrat, Cobb was a five-term member of the United States House of Representatives and Speaker of the House from 1849 to 1851. He also served as a Secretary of Treasury under President James Buchanan (1857–1860) and the 40th Governor of Georgia (1851–1853).

He is, however, probably best known as one of the founders of the Confederate States of America, having served as the Speaker of the Provisional Confederate Congress, when delegates of the secessionist states issued creation of the Confederacy.

Cobb served for two weeks between the foundation of the Confederacy and the election of Jefferson Davis as first President. This made him, as the Speaker of the Congress, provisional Head of State at this time. Because of this he is sometimes called^{[citation needed]}, even if mistakenly, first President of the Confederacy, although he never held the title of President or Acting President.

Early life and career[]

Born in Jefferson County, Georgia, Cobb was raised in Athens, Georgia, and attended the University of Georgia where he was a member of the Phi Kappa Literary Society. He was admitted to the bar in 1836 and became solicitor general of the western judicial circuit of Georgia.

Congressman[]

He was elected as Democrat to the 28th, 29th, 30th and 31st Congresses. He was chairman of the U.S. House Committee on Mileage during the 28th Congress, and Speaker of the United States House of Representatives during the 31st Congress.

He sided with President Andrew Jackson on the question of nullification; was an efficient supporter of President James K. Polk's administration during the Mexican-American War; and was an ardent advocate of slavery extension into the territories, but when the Compromise of 1850 had been agreed upon, he became its staunch supporter as a Union Democrat. He joined Georgia Whigs Alexander Stephens and Robert Toombs in a statewide campaign to elect delegates to a state convention that overwhelmingly affirmed, in the Georgia Platform, that the state accepted the Compromise as the final resolution to the outstanding slavery issues. On that issue, Cobb was elected governor of Georgia by a large majority.

Speaker of the House[]

In 1850, as Speaker he would have been next in line to the Presidency for two days due to Vice Presidential vacancy and a president pro tempore not being appointed yet, except he did not meet the minimum eligibility for the presidency of being 35 years old. When Zachary Taylor died on July 9, Vice President Millard Fillmore became President. The president pro tempore of the Senate was not appointed until July 11 when William Rufus de Vane King took that position.

File:Buchanan Cabinet.jpg

President Buchanan and his Cabinet
From left to right: Jacob Thompson, Lewis Cass, John B. Floyd, James Buchanan, Howell Cobb, Isaac Toucey, Joseph Holt and Jeremiah S. Black, (c. 1859)

Governor of Georgia[]

In 1851, he left the House to serve as the Governor of Georgia, holding that post until 1853. He published A Scriptural Examination of the Institution of Slavery (1856).^[1]

Return to Congress and Secretary of the Treasury[]

He was elected to the 34th Congress and then took the position of Secretary of the Treasury in Buchanan's Cabinet. He served for three years, resigning in December 1860. At one time, Cobb was Buchanan's choice for his successor.^[2]

A Founder of the Confederacy[]

In 1860, Cobb ceased to be a Unionist, and became a leader of the secession movement. He was president of a convention of the seceded states that assembled in Montgomery, Alabama, on February 24, 1861. Under Cobb's guidance, the delegates drafted a constitution for the new Confederacy. He served as Speaker and as President Pro Tempore of several sessions of the Confederate Provisional Congress, before resigning to join the military when war erupted.

Civil War[]

Cobb enlisted in the Confederate Army and was named as Colonel of the 16th Georgia Infantry. He was appointed a brigadier general on February 13, 1862, and assigned command of a brigade in what became the Army of Northern Virginia. Between February and June 1862, he represented the Confederate authorities in negotiations with Union officers for an agreement on the exchange of prisoners of war. His efforts in these discussions contributed to the Dix-Hill Cartel accord reached in July 1862.^[3]

Cobb saw combat during the Peninsula Campaign and the Seven Days Battles. Cobb's brigade played a key role in the fighting at Crampton's Gap during the Battle of South Mountain, where it arrived at a critical time to delay a Union advance through the gap. His men also fought at the subsequent Battle of Antietam.

In October 1862, Cobb was detached from the Army of Northern Virginia and sent to the District of Middle Florida. He was promoted to major general on September 9, 1863, and placed in command of the District of Georgia and Florida. He suggested the construction of a prisoner-of-war camp in southern Georgia, a location thought to be safe from Union invaders. This idea led to the creation of Andersonville prison. When William T. Sherman's armies entered Georgia during the 1864 Atlanta Campaign and subsequent March to the Sea, General Cobb commanded the Georgia reserve corps. In the spring of 1865, with the Confederacy clearly waning, he and his troops were sent to Columbus, Georgia to help oppose Wilson's Raid. He led the hopeless Confederate resistance in the Battle of Columbus, Georgia on Easter Sunday, April 16, 1865.

During Sherman's March to the Sea, the army camped one night near Cobb's plantation. When Sherman discovered that the house he planned to stay in for the night was Cobb's, "one of the leading rebels of the South, then a general in the Southern army," he confiscated Cobb's property and leveled the plantation, instructing his subordinates to "spare nothing."^[4]

In the closing days of the war, Cobb fruitlessly opposed General Robert E. Lee's eleventh hour proposal of enlisting slaves into the army. Fearing this move would completely discredit the fundamental justification of slavery that blacks were inferior people, he said, "You cannot make soldiers of slaves, or slaves of soldiers. The day you make a soldier of them is the beginning of the end of the Revolution. And if slaves seem good soldiers, then our whole theory of slavery is wrong."^[5]

File:Postbellum-Cobb.jpg

Howell Cobb in his postbellum.

He surrendered at Macon, Georgia, April 20, 1865.

Postbellum[]

Following the war, Cobb returned home and resumed his law practice, but despite pressure from his former constituents and soldiers, he refused to make any public remarks on Reconstruction policy until he received a presidential pardon, although he privately opposed it. Finally receiving that document in early 1868, he then vigorously opposed the Reconstruction Acts, making a series of speeches that summer that bitterly denounced the policies of the reigning Radical Republicans in Congress.

Taking a break from his schedule of political speeches, Cobb decided to vacation in New York City in the autumn. He died of a heart attack in that city. His body was returned to Athens, Georgia, for burial in Oconee Hill Cemetery.^[6]

Thomas Willis Cobb was a cousin and Thomas Reade Rootes Cobb a younger brother of Howell Cobb. His great uncle and namesake, Howell Cobb, had been a U.S. Congressman from 1807–1812, and then served as an officer in the War of 1812.

Notes[]

↑ NIE
↑ Klein (1962), pp. 11.
↑ Official Records, Series II, Vol. 3, pp. 338-340, 812-13, Vol. 4, pp. 31-32, 48.
↑ "Memoirs, ch.21". William Tecumseh Sherman. http://www.sonofthesouth.net/union-generals/sherman/memoirs/general-sherman-march-sea.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
↑ Encyclopedia Britannica
↑ New Georgia Encyclopedia

References[]

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
Howell Cobb at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Retrieved on 2009-04-17
US Department of War (1880 - 1901). The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington: Government Printing Office.

External links[]

New Georgia Encyclopedia: Howell Cobb (1815-1868)
U.S. Treasury - Biography of Secretary Howell Cobb
Howell Cobb at Find a Grave Retrieved on 2008-02-13

Persondata
NAME	Cobb, Howell
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Confederate Army general
DATE OF BIRTH	September 7, 1815
PLACE OF BIRTH	Jefferson County, Georgia
DATE OF DEATH	October 9, 1868
PLACE OF DEATH	New York City, New York